Дочь священника
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labas-а, открыла для себя Гарвардский проект по опросу советских беженцев в Германии и США (в рамках социологического исследования советского строя). Интервью датируются 1949-1951 гг. и хотя постоянно мешает исключительно кондовый и обезличенный перевод на английский, все равно там и сям угадывается живой голос и очень знакомый такой взгляд на вещи (кроме того, некоторые слова оставлены непереведенными). Таким манером набрела на интервью школьной учительницы, которую при советах постоянно дербанили за неправильное происхождение (дочь и внучка священников), она близко видела коллективизацию на Украине и становление сталинского режима помнит очень ясно (через реформу образования, в частности). Ничего принципиально нового (за исключением кое-каких деталей) я из ее сообщений не узнала, но просто интересно, насколько подтверждаются тогдашним еще вполне свежим и современным событиям взглядом нынешние якобы "ревизионисткие" (оле-оле) представления о сталинском СССР. Интервью длинное, на 64 страницах, и там не все вопросы озвучены, часто представлены только ответы на них (код и индекс этих стандартных вопросов я пока не обнаружила, но и так ясно, о чем речь). Здесь приведу только несколько маленьких выписок на тему представления о привилегированном положении евреев, а вообще если с английским нет проблем, то интереснее почитать сам документ полностью. Там есть например совершенно замечательная история про то, как на нее в школе одна записная коллега-доносчица настучала в НКВД за невинно оброненную поговорку "незванный гость хуже татарина" (предлог стука? оскорбление татарского народа). И многое другое.
О чистках:
No. 91 JR HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT p.20 -
Government Section
(f) There was a time, when Jews were in higher positions. But even they were not completely immune.
О настроениях во время войны:
No. 91 JR HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT p.47 -
Philosophy Section
(Wouldn't any groups oppose the regime ?) Yes, if it were possible to do so but the whole system is permeated with espionage.
(a) Only the privileged part of the population would support the regime. The Germans told us that they were coming to deliver us from Bolshevism. In my own city the workers welcomed the Germans with bread and salt and the Germans themselves were very surprised. I think that most of the peasants would rise up against the regime if they were certain that the powers fighting the Soviet regime would give them land. Some workers would support the regime. They would have less faith that things would be better if the regime would be destroyed. The workers received much more than they had prior to the revolution. But the Voice of America does not get through to these people. Even soldiers in Berlin don't see very much or hear very much because the Soviet regime isolates its troops and keeps transferring them around.
(What about the youth?) It is trained in the regime and cannot do much. The youth really does not know how bad the regime is. Some of the "Ostarbeiters" learned how bad the regime was when they were told they could take things from Germany back to the Soviet Union and then when they got back all these things were taken away from them, and girls had their heads shaved and some of them escaped and came back here to Germany.
(How do you explain the wartime patriotism?) As the Germans approached everybody heaped scorn upon Stalin in the bazar in our town and cursed him. It was so strange to hear this but the regime increased the patriotism by establishing the orders of Suvorov and Alexander Nevsky. Then too the Jews were deprived of their privileges after the war and the rodina was rediscovered. (5) When the Germans came there was all sorts of donositel'stvo on people. Individuals would go to the Germans and say that so and so was a Communist. And, of course, it was difficult, because many people went into the Party as a result of circumstances. It is all a very difficult question. I think that Zhukov would have tried to make order back home after finishing in Germany. He was very popular in the Army. But they removed him and sent him down to Odessa. The Party members should be removed from office, they should be judged in their own locales where people knew them. Of course, if there is a very forceful repression you always get a new repression as a reaction. But you can't be merciful with these people.
(a) No, because you have many members who had to go into the Party in order to save their jobs. Circumstances compelled many to go in. The majority of Party members are this type who simply wanted to further their careers.
labas-а, открыла для себя Гарвардский проект по опросу советских беженцев в Германии и США (в рамках социологического исследования советского строя). Интервью датируются 1949-1951 гг. и хотя постоянно мешает исключительно кондовый и обезличенный перевод на английский, все равно там и сям угадывается живой голос и очень знакомый такой взгляд на вещи (кроме того, некоторые слова оставлены непереведенными). Таким манером набрела на интервью школьной учительницы, которую при советах постоянно дербанили за неправильное происхождение (дочь и внучка священников), она близко видела коллективизацию на Украине и становление сталинского режима помнит очень ясно (через реформу образования, в частности). Ничего принципиально нового (за исключением кое-каких деталей) я из ее сообщений не узнала, но просто интересно, насколько подтверждаются тогдашним еще вполне свежим и современным событиям взглядом нынешние якобы "ревизионисткие" (оле-оле) представления о сталинском СССР. Интервью длинное, на 64 страницах, и там не все вопросы озвучены, часто представлены только ответы на них (код и индекс этих стандартных вопросов я пока не обнаружила, но и так ясно, о чем речь). Здесь приведу только несколько маленьких выписок на тему представления о привилегированном положении евреев, а вообще если с английским нет проблем, то интереснее почитать сам документ полностью. Там есть например совершенно замечательная история про то, как на нее в школе одна записная коллега-доносчица настучала в НКВД за невинно оброненную поговорку "незванный гость хуже татарина" (предлог стука? оскорбление татарского народа). И многое другое.О чистках:
No. 91 JR HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT p.20 -
Government Section
(f) There was a time, when Jews were in higher positions. But even they were not completely immune.
О настроениях во время войны:
No. 91 JR HARVARD UNIVERSITY REFUGEE INTERVIEW PROJECT p.47 -
Philosophy Section
(Wouldn't any groups oppose the regime ?) Yes, if it were possible to do so but the whole system is permeated with espionage.
(a) Only the privileged part of the population would support the regime. The Germans told us that they were coming to deliver us from Bolshevism. In my own city the workers welcomed the Germans with bread and salt and the Germans themselves were very surprised. I think that most of the peasants would rise up against the regime if they were certain that the powers fighting the Soviet regime would give them land. Some workers would support the regime. They would have less faith that things would be better if the regime would be destroyed. The workers received much more than they had prior to the revolution. But the Voice of America does not get through to these people. Even soldiers in Berlin don't see very much or hear very much because the Soviet regime isolates its troops and keeps transferring them around.
(What about the youth?) It is trained in the regime and cannot do much. The youth really does not know how bad the regime is. Some of the "Ostarbeiters" learned how bad the regime was when they were told they could take things from Germany back to the Soviet Union and then when they got back all these things were taken away from them, and girls had their heads shaved and some of them escaped and came back here to Germany.
(How do you explain the wartime patriotism?) As the Germans approached everybody heaped scorn upon Stalin in the bazar in our town and cursed him. It was so strange to hear this but the regime increased the patriotism by establishing the orders of Suvorov and Alexander Nevsky. Then too the Jews were deprived of their privileges after the war and the rodina was rediscovered. (5) When the Germans came there was all sorts of donositel'stvo on people. Individuals would go to the Germans and say that so and so was a Communist. And, of course, it was difficult, because many people went into the Party as a result of circumstances. It is all a very difficult question. I think that Zhukov would have tried to make order back home after finishing in Germany. He was very popular in the Army. But they removed him and sent him down to Odessa. The Party members should be removed from office, they should be judged in their own locales where people knew them. Of course, if there is a very forceful repression you always get a new repression as a reaction. But you can't be merciful with these people.
(a) No, because you have many members who had to go into the Party in order to save their jobs. Circumstances compelled many to go in. The majority of Party members are this type who simply wanted to further their careers.
